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As such, disease resistant cultivars must be developed through multi-environment replicated field experiments. In the case of FHB, disease resistance is quantitative and greatly influenced by genotype x environment (G × E) interactions (GEI). In this sense, it could be beneficial to include GEI in genomic prediction models, which are commonly used to select the candidate lines using genome-wide markers and pedigree information. In the present study, we used six different mixed models, three each for single trait and multi-trait scenario; Environment and Line (EL), Environment and Genomic information (EG) and Environment, Genomic information and Genomic information x Environment (EG&GxE) for performing genomic predictions in two spring wheat breeding panels. These models were used to predict sets of lines within an environment and across environments. The EG&GxE model, which includes GEI, enhanced prediction abilities in many cases for both single trait and multi-trait scenarios. Borrowing information from the genotypes evaluated in correlated environments could help the models to predict the performance of genotypes in new environments. 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At the same time, research indicates that pupils’ multilingual resources are only to a limited extent utilised in pedagogical practice, despite multilingualism being emphasised as a resource in curricula and educational policy documents. This master’s thesis explores how teachers understand and make use of multilingualism as a resource in the classroom, as well as the challenges and opportunities they encounter in their work with multilingual pupils.\nThe study is based on a qualitative research design and draws on semi-structured interviews with six primary school teachers. The data were analysed thematically, and the findings are discussed in light of key theoretical perspectives on multilingualism, sociocultural learning, language ideology and professional culture. The theoretical framework includes contributions from Vygotsky, Cummins, García and Wei, as well as research on language attitudes and school culture.\nThe findings show that while teachers generally express a resource-oriented view of multilingualism at an ideological level, this perspective is only weakly anchored in systematic practice. Many teachers report limited formal training in multilingual education during their initial teacher education, which leads to uncertainty and reliance on individual solutions when working with multilingual pupils. Multilingual practices often appear to be person-dependent and insufficiently structured, and teachers emphasise the need for clearer institutional support, a shared professional language and stronger professional communities. At the same time, the study demonstrates that when pupils’ linguistic resources are recognised and made visible, this can enhance participation, learning and a sense of belonging.\nThe thesis concludes that although multilingualism is largely understood as a potential resource in Norwegian schools, its realisation is constrained by a lack of competence, structural anchoring and professional support. The study highlights the need for stronger integration of multilingual perspectives in teacher education, school development and professional collaboration, in order to make more systematic use of pupils’ full linguistic repertoires as pedagogical resources.\n"},"language":"http://lexvo.org/id/iso639-3/nob","abstract":"Sammendrag\nFlerspråklighet er en stadig mer fremtredende del av norsk skole, som følge av økt migrasjon og språklig mangfold i samfunnet. Samtidig viser forskning at elevenes flerspråklige ressurser i begrenset grad tas i bruk i skolens pedagogiske praksis, til tross for at flerspråklighet løftes frem som en ressurs i læreplanverk og utdanningspolitiske styringsdokumenter. Denne masteroppgaven undersøker hvordan lærere forstår og anvender flerspråklighet som en ressurs i klasserommet, samt hvilke utfordringer og muligheter de møter i arbeidet med flerspråklige elever.\nStudien er gjennomført som en kvalitativ undersøkelse, basert på semistrukturerte intervjuer med fem lærere i grunnskolen. Datamaterialet er analysert tematisk, og funnene drøftes i lys av sentrale teorier innen flerspråklighet, sosiokulturell læring, språkideologi og profesjonskultur. Teoretiske perspektiver fra blant annet Vygotskij, Cummins, García og Wei, samt forskning på språkholdninger og skolekultur, danner rammen for analysen.\nFunnene viser at lærerne i stor grad uttrykker et ressursorientert syn på flerspråklighet på et overordnet nivå, men at dette perspektivet i begrenset grad er systematisk forankret i praksis. Mange lærere opplever manglende formell kompetanse i flerspråklighet gjennom grunnutdanningen, noe som fører til usikkerhet og individuelle løsninger i møte med flerspråklige elever. Arbeidet med flerspråklighet framstår ofte som personavhengig og lite strukturert, og lærerne etterspør tydeligere støtte, felles begrepsapparat og profesjonsfellesskap som kan bidra til mer inkluderende praksiser. Samtidig viser studien at når elevenes språklige ressurser synliggjøres og anerkjennes, kan dette styrke både faglig deltakelse, identitet og tilhørighet.\nOppgaven konkluderer med at flerspråklighet i norsk skole i stor grad forstås som en potensiell ressurs, men at realiseringen av dette perspektivet hemmes av manglende kompetanse, strukturell forankring og profesjonskulturell støtte. Studien peker på behovet for at flerspråklighet integreres tydeligere i lærerutdanning, skoleutvikling og profesjonsfellesskap, slik at elevenes samlede språklige repertoar kan brukes mer systematisk som en pedagogisk ressurs i klasserommet.\n","contributors":[{"sequence":"1","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Essahli, Nassira","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"2","role":{"type":"Creator"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Poluda, Olga","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","affiliations":[{"partOf":[{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"}],"institutionId":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0","countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.67.0.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nb":"Fakultet for samfunns- og utdanningsvitenskap","en":"Faculty of Social and Educational 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A key challenge during CPR is the rapid and reliable detection of Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) or signs of Intrinsic Cardiac Activity (ICA), as manual pulse palpation is often inaccurate and time-consuming. RescueDoppler is a novel medical ultrasound-Doppler device designed for continuous carotid artery blood flow measurement during CPR.\nObjective: This master's thesis aimed to evaluate whether a machine learning (ML) model, utilizing blood flow data from RescueDoppler, could be trained to automatically detect and provide feedback on signs of developing ICA during ongoing CPR.\nMethods: The study conducted a retrospective analysis of ultrasound-Doppler recordings from five cardiac arrest patients. Blood flow data was manually annotated to identify distinct patterns associated with chest compressions, ICA, and ROSC. A deep learning model was developed and trained to classify these blood flow patterns. Explainable AI (XAI) and Grad-CAM techniques were employed to understand the model's decisions and confirm physiological relevance. Inter-rater reliability for data annotation was assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC).\nResults: The ML model demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy, achieving 95% sensitivity, 95% specificity, 95% positive predictive value (PPV), and 95% negative predictive value (NPV) for detecting ICA and ROSC. XAI heatmaps confirmed that the model consistently focused on physiologically pertinent features. Excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.993) was observed for the annotations.\nConclusion: The findings suggest that Artificial Intelligence, in combination with RescueDoppler, holds significant potential to provide healthcare professionals with rapid and accurate real-time information on circulatory status during CPR. This could facilitate more personalized and effective resuscitation strategies, thereby potentially improving patient outcomes in sudden cardiac arrest.\n"},"language":"http://lexvo.org/id/iso639-3/nob","abstract":"Bakgrunn: Akutt uventet hjertestans er en livstruende tilstand hvor effektiv hjerte-lungeredning (HLR) er avgjørende. En sentral utfordring ved HLR er å raskt og pålitelig identifisere tilbakekomst av spontan sirkulasjon (ROSC) eller tegn til hjertets egenaktivitet (ICA), da manuell pulspalpasjon ofte er unøyaktig og tidkrevende. RescueDoppler er en ny medisinteknisk ultralyd-Dopplerenhet designet for kontinuerlig måling av blodstrøm i halspulsåren under HLR.\nFormål: Denne masteroppgaven hadde som mål å evaluere om en maskinlæringsmodell, basert på blodstrømsdata fra RescueDoppler, kunne trenes til å automatisk oppdage og gi tilbakemeldinger om tegn til utvikling av ICA og ROSC under pågående HLR.\nMetode: Studien benyttet en retrospektiv analyse av ultralyd-Doppler-opptak fra fem pasienter med hjertestans. Blodstrømsdata ble manuelt annotert for å identifisere ulike mønstre assosiert med brystkompresjoner, ICA og ROSC. En dyplæringsmodell ble utviklet og trent til å klassifisere disse blodstrømsmønstrene. Explainable AI (XAI) og Grad-CAM ble brukt for å forstå modellens beslutninger og bekrefte fysiologisk relevans. Inter-rater reliabilitet for dataannoteringen ble vurdert ved hjelp av Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC).\nResultater: Maskinlæringsmodellen viste høy diagnostisk nøyaktighet, med 95% sensitivitet, 95% spesifisitet, 95% positiv prediktiv verdi (PPV) og 95% negativ prediktiv verdi (NPV) for deteksjon av ICA og ROSC. XAI-heatmaps bekreftet at modellen konsekvent fokuserte på fysiologisk relevante trekk. En høy inter-rater reliabilitet (ICC = 0.993) ble funnet for annoteringene.\nKonklusjon: Resultatene indikerer at kunstig intelligens, i kombinasjon med RescueDoppler, har et betydelig potensial til å gi helsepersonell rask og presis sanntidsinformasjon om fysiologiske hendelser under HLR. Dette kan muliggjøre mer persontilpassede og effektive gjenopplivingsstrategier, og dermed potensielt forbedre pasientutfall ved akutt hjertestans.\n","contributors":[{"sequence":"1","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Ingul, Charlotte Björk","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"2","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Gjeilo, Kari Hanne","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"3","role":{"type":"Creator"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Børøsund, Anders Næss","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","affiliations":[{"partOf":[{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"}],"institutionId":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0","countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.65.0.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nb":"Fakultet for medisin og helsevitenskap","en":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences"}}],"type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"4","role":{"type":"Creator"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Sollie, Børge Haugen","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","affiliations":[{"partOf":[{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"}],"institutionId":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0","countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.65.0.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nb":"Fakultet for medisin og helsevitenskap","en":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences"}}],"type":"Contributor"}],"contributorsPreview":[{"sequence":"1","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Ingul, Charlotte Björk","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"2","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Gjeilo, Kari Hanne","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"3","role":{"type":"Creator"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Børøsund, Anders Næss","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","affiliations":[{"partOf":[{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"}],"institutionId":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0","countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.65.0.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nb":"Fakultet for medisin og 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Technology"}}],"status":"PUBLISHED"},{"identifier":"019e684be363-e66acae7-1edb-4f31-96b3-6cb5eee01e41","contributorOrganizations":["https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.64.0.0","https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"],"modelVersion":"0.23.3","resourceOwner":{"owner":"ntnu-inspera@194.0.0.0","ownerAffiliation":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"},"type":"Publication","associatedArtifacts":[{"identifier":"0d870b8f-5c70-4a3e-afee-df3fc6f38cf3","license":{"name":"COPYRIGHT-ACT","type":"License","value":"https://nva.sikt.no/license/copyright-act/1.0","labels":{"nb":"Generelle bruksvilkår","en":"General Terms of Use"}},"rightsRetentionStrategy":{"configuredType":"Unknown","type":"NullRightsRetentionStrategy"},"size":"14490863","name":"no.ntnu:inspera:303037496:275184577.pdf","mimeType":"application/pdf","publishedDate":"2026-05-27T07:17:46.289449531Z","type":"OpenFile"}],"@context":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/publication/context","indexDocumentCreatedAt":"2026-05-27T07:17:47.334850083Z","curatingInstitutions":["https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"],"entityDescription":{"reference":{"type":"Reference","publicationInstance":{"type":"DegreeMaster","submittedDate":{"month":"02","year":"2026","type":"PublicationDate","day":"05"}},"publicationContext":{"course":{"code":"TMR5950","type":"UnconfirmedCourse"},"publisher":{"valid":"true","identifier":"D61B0D47-C78A-48DC-8537-3AD87DEF4D5B","year":"2026","name":"Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige 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It is a proven technol-\nogy that provides millions of people with clean and affordable power. However, the available locations\nfor bottom-fixed turbines are being depleted quickly, while the potential of wind energy in deeper waters\nis immense. Installing power cables for these large floating electricity generators is more complex than\nfor fixed wind turbines. In November 2025, DEME will install the first dynamic cable for an offshore\nfloating wind farm. During the preparation phase, DEME encountered several challenges related to\nthe attachment of ancillaries and low operability. This thesis focuses on the limitations associated with\ndynamic cable installation.\nThis research is structured into three main phases. The first phase consists of an extensive literature\nstudy conducted to gain insight into the equipment required for the installation process and the an-\ncillaries that must be attached to the cable to keep it properly in place. The second phase involves\ndeveloping a new vessel layout to enhance the workability of this installation setup. Once a new config-\nuration is established, the third phase consists of building a model of the setup using the time-domain\nsoftware OrcaFlex. This model was then used to simulate various environmental scenarios, and the\nresults were analysed to compare different methods based on operability.\nKey findings from the literature study highlight the complexities of the cable installation process. These\ncomplexities include operational weather windows, onboard logistics, ancillary handling, installation\nspeed, and the limitations of the cable, ancillaries, and equipment. One of the main considerations is the\nimportance of risk-mitigating measures to ensure the safe deployment of the cable and its ancillaries.\nMultiple concepts were explored and developed with the goal of improving onboard processes and the\noverall operability of the system. A multi-criteria analysis resulted in the selection of a stinger frame as\nan alternative to the current cable installation setup.\nCable modelling was performed to obtain the required insights into cable behaviour. The output from the\nmodel identifies the limiting factors during installation, such as curvature, sidewall pressure, and cable\ntension. The simulations include scenarios with various combinations of environmental conditions,\nsuch as wave height, wave direction, and wave period.\nThe simulations showed that a rigid stinger does not improve operability. Due to increased motions\nat the stinger tip, tensions rise, which further limits operations. However, the risk of minimum bend\nradius (MBR) breach for the buoyancy modules (BMUs) in the splash zone was reduced significantly\nby decreasing the time they spend in high-risk positions. Sidewall pressure (SWP) did not prove to be\na critical parameter. These findings suggest that a more advanced stinger design could help increase\noperability.\nThis thesis provides valuable insights and recommendations for future research, supporting the offshore\nwind industry’s transition towards floating solutions to access deeper waters with higher energy yields.\nThis development will further strengthen the global supply of sustainable renewable energy."},"language":"http://lexvo.org/id/iso639-3/eng","contributors":[{"sequence":"1","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Saevik, Svein","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"2","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Metrikini, Andrei","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"3","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Kvittem, Marit","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"4","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Lange, Frank","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"5","role":{"type":"Creator"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Adema, Twan","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","affiliations":[{"partOf":[{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"}],"institutionId":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0","countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.64.0.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nb":"Fakultet for ingeniørvitenskap","en":"Faculty of Engineering"}}],"type":"Contributor"}],"contributorsPreview":[{"sequence":"1","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Saevik, Svein","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"2","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Metrikini, Andrei","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"3","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Kvittem, Marit","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"4","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Lange, Frank","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"5","role":{"type":"Creator"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Adema, Twan","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","affiliations":[{"partOf":[{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"}],"institutionId":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0","countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.64.0.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nb":"Fakultet for ingeniørvitenskap","en":"Faculty of Engineering"}}],"type":"Contributor"}],"type":"EntityDescription","publicationDate":{"month":"02","year":"2026","type":"PublicationDate","day":"05"}},"createdDate":"2026-05-27T07:17:44.419736455Z","publicationContextUris":["https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/publication-channels-v2/publisher/D61B0D47-C78A-48DC-8537-3AD87DEF4D5B/2026"],"childPublications":[],"modifiedDate":"2026-05-27T07:17:44.419736455Z","additionalIdentifiers":[{"sourceName":"inspera","type":"AdditionalIdentifier","value":"no.ntnu:inspera:303037496:275184577"},{"sourceName":"nva@null","type":"CristinIdentifier","value":"10209068"}],"publisher":{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/customer/33c17ef6-864b-4267-bc9d-0cee636e247e","type":"Organization"},"filesStatus":"hasPublicFiles","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/publication/019e684be363-e66acae7-1edb-4f31-96b3-6cb5eee01e41","pendingOpenFileCount":"0","publishedDate":"2026-05-27T07:17:44.419736455Z","scientificIndex":{},"topLevelOrganizations":[{"hasPart":[{"partOf":[{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"}],"affiliationInstitutionId":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0","countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.64.0.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nb":"Fakultet for ingeniørvitenskap","en":"Faculty of Engineering"}}],"countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nn":"Noregs teknisk-naturvitskaplege universitet","nb":"Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet","en":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology"}}],"status":"PUBLISHED"},{"identifier":"019e684b772a-854331dc-0eb9-4407-9f95-bbfb4c9cdf48","contributorOrganizations":["https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.64.0.0","https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"],"modelVersion":"0.23.3","resourceOwner":{"owner":"ntnu-inspera@194.0.0.0","ownerAffiliation":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"},"type":"Publication","associatedArtifacts":[{"identifier":"d9bae2a8-f922-4109-8553-f0429281f37f","license":{"name":"COPYRIGHT-ACT","type":"License","value":"https://nva.sikt.no/license/copyright-act/1.0","labels":{"nb":"Generelle bruksvilkår","en":"General Terms of Use"}},"rightsRetentionStrategy":{"configuredType":"Unknown","type":"NullRightsRetentionStrategy"},"size":"9542075","name":"no.ntnu:inspera:393819591:398617097.pdf","mimeType":"application/pdf","publishedDate":"2026-05-27T07:17:32.270400449Z","type":"OpenFile"},{"identifier":"4f44cd68-ad28-45a9-a00b-be92545a76be","license":{"name":"COPYRIGHT-ACT","type":"License","value":"https://nva.sikt.no/license/copyright-act/1.0","labels":{"nb":"Generelle bruksvilkår","en":"General Terms of Use"}},"rightsRetentionStrategy":{"configuredType":"Unknown","type":"NullRightsRetentionStrategy"},"size":"339986124","name":"no.ntnu:inspera:393819591:398617097.zip","mimeType":"application/zip","publishedDate":"2026-05-27T07:17:43.539052864Z","type":"OpenFile"}],"@context":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/publication/context","indexDocumentCreatedAt":"2026-05-27T07:17:45.410200555Z","curatingInstitutions":["https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"],"entityDescription":{"reference":{"type":"Reference","publicationInstance":{"type":"DegreeMaster","submittedDate":{"month":"02","year":"2026","type":"PublicationDate","day":"12"}},"publicationContext":{"course":{"code":"TPK4950","type":"UnconfirmedCourse"},"publisher":{"valid":"true","identifier":"D61B0D47-C78A-48DC-8537-3AD87DEF4D5B","year":"2026","name":"Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/publication-channels-v2/publisher/D61B0D47-C78A-48DC-8537-3AD87DEF4D5B/2026","type":"Publisher","scientificValue":"Unassigned","sameAs":"https://kanalregister.hkdir.no/publiseringskanaler/info/nvakanal?pid=D61B0D47-C78A-48DC-8537-3AD87DEF4D5B"},"type":"Degree"}},"contributorsCount":3,"mainTitle":"Modelling Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tanks During Fire Engulfment","alternativeAbstracts":{"en":"Hydrogen represents a strategic option for decarbonising energy systems, and its large-scale deployment particularly relies on liquid hydrogen (LH2) due to the higher density offered for storage and transport. However, safety challenges affect the technology, compromising its acceptability and spread. Among these, the fire exposure of liquid hydrogen storage tanks appears the most critical. \nThis thesis aims to develop an engineering model able to predict the behaviour of a double-walled LH2 storage tank during fire engulfment. Starting from an existing and already validated approach, several upgrades are introduced to solve the model limitations and extend its applicability. The validation of the newly proposed approach against a new set of experimental data highlights a significantly higher accuracy in the result with respect to the original approach.\nThe proposed methodology provides a practical and computationally efficient tool for safety-oriented assessment of liquid hydrogen tanks under fire exposure, supporting the analysis of pressurization phenomena, tank fire resistance and identification of critical time windows for emergency response. "},"language":"http://lexvo.org/id/iso639-3/eng","abstract":"Hydrogen representerer et strategisk alternativ for å redusere karbonutslippene fra energisystemer, og storskala bruk av hydrogen er særlig avhengig av flytende hydrogen (LH2) på grunn av den høyere tettheten som gir bedre lagrings- og transportmuligheter. Imidlertid påvirker sikkerhetsutfordringer teknologien, noe som svekker aksepten og spredningen av den. Blant disse utfordringene synes brannfaren ved lagringstanker for flytende hydrogen å være den mest kritiske. \nDenne avhandlingen har som mål å utvikle en ingeniørmodell som kan forutsi oppførselen til en dobbeltvegget LH2-lagertank under brann. Med utgangspunkt i en eksisterende og allerede validert tilnærming, introduseres flere oppgraderinger for å løse modellens begrensninger og utvide dens anvendelighet. Valideringen av den nye tilnærmingen mot et nytt sett med eksperimentelle data viser en betydelig høyere nøyaktighet i resultatet sammenlignet med den opprinnelige tilnærmingen.\nDen foreslåtte metodikken gir et praktisk og beregningsmessig effektivt verktøy for sikkerhetsorientert vurdering av flytende hydrogenbeholdere under brannpåvirkning, og støtter analysen av trykkfenomener, tankens brannmotstand og identifisering av kritiske tidsvinduer for beredskapstiltak. ","contributors":[{"sequence":"1","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Ustolin, Federico","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"2","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Schiaroli, Alice","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"3","role":{"type":"Creator"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Luccarelli, Giuseppe","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","affiliations":[{"partOf":[{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"}],"institutionId":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0","countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.64.0.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nb":"Fakultet for ingeniørvitenskap","en":"Faculty of 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A key challenge during CPR is the rapid and reliable detection of Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) or signs of Intrinsic Cardiac Activity (ICA), as manual pulse palpation is often inaccurate and time-consuming. RescueDoppler is a novel medical ultrasound-Doppler device designed for continuous carotid artery blood flow measurement during CPR.\nObjective: This master's thesis aimed to evaluate whether a machine learning (ML) model, utilizing blood flow data from RescueDoppler, could be trained to automatically detect and provide feedback on signs of developing ICA during ongoing CPR.\nMethods: The study conducted a retrospective analysis of ultrasound-Doppler recordings from five cardiac arrest patients. Blood flow data was manually annotated to identify distinct patterns associated with chest compressions, ICA, and ROSC. A deep learning model was developed and trained to classify these blood flow patterns. Explainable AI (XAI) and Grad-CAM techniques were employed to understand the model's decisions and confirm physiological relevance. Inter-rater reliability for data annotation was assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC).\nResults: The ML model demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy, achieving 95% sensitivity, 95% specificity, 95% positive predictive value (PPV), and 95% negative predictive value (NPV) for detecting ICA and ROSC. XAI heatmaps confirmed that the model consistently focused on physiologically pertinent features. Excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.993) was observed for the annotations.\nConclusion: The findings suggest that Artificial Intelligence, in combination with RescueDoppler, holds significant potential to provide healthcare professionals with rapid and accurate real-time information on circulatory status during CPR. This could facilitate more personalized and effective resuscitation strategies, thereby potentially improving patient outcomes in sudden cardiac arrest.\n"},"language":"http://lexvo.org/id/iso639-3/nob","abstract":"Bakgrunn: Akutt uventet hjertestans er en livstruende tilstand hvor effektiv hjerte-lungeredning (HLR) er avgjørende. En sentral utfordring ved HLR er å raskt og pålitelig identifisere tilbakekomst av spontan sirkulasjon (ROSC) eller tegn til hjertets egenaktivitet (ICA), da manuell pulspalpasjon ofte er unøyaktig og tidkrevende. RescueDoppler er en ny medisinteknisk ultralyd-Dopplerenhet designet for kontinuerlig måling av blodstrøm i halspulsåren under HLR.\nFormål: Denne masteroppgaven hadde som mål å evaluere om en maskinlæringsmodell, basert på blodstrømsdata fra RescueDoppler, kunne trenes til å automatisk oppdage og gi tilbakemeldinger om tegn til utvikling av ICA og ROSC under pågående HLR.\nMetode: Studien benyttet en retrospektiv analyse av ultralyd-Doppler-opptak fra fem pasienter med hjertestans. Blodstrømsdata ble manuelt annotert for å identifisere ulike mønstre assosiert med brystkompresjoner, ICA og ROSC. En dyplæringsmodell ble utviklet og trent til å klassifisere disse blodstrømsmønstrene. Explainable AI (XAI) og Grad-CAM ble brukt for å forstå modellens beslutninger og bekrefte fysiologisk relevans. Inter-rater reliabilitet for dataannoteringen ble vurdert ved hjelp av Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC).\nResultater: Maskinlæringsmodellen viste høy diagnostisk nøyaktighet, med 95% sensitivitet, 95% spesifisitet, 95% positiv prediktiv verdi (PPV) og 95% negativ prediktiv verdi (NPV) for deteksjon av ICA og ROSC. XAI-heatmaps bekreftet at modellen konsekvent fokuserte på fysiologisk relevante trekk. En høy inter-rater reliabilitet (ICC = 0.993) ble funnet for annoteringene.\nKonklusjon: Resultatene indikerer at kunstig intelligens, i kombinasjon med RescueDoppler, har et betydelig potensial til å gi helsepersonell rask og presis sanntidsinformasjon om fysiologiske hendelser under HLR. Dette kan muliggjøre mer persontilpassede og effektive gjenopplivingsstrategier, og dermed potensielt forbedre pasientutfall ved akutt hjertestans.\n","contributors":[{"sequence":"1","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Ingul, Charlotte Björk","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"2","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Gjeilo, Kari Hanne","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"3","role":{"type":"Creator"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Børøsund, Anders 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Use"}},"rightsRetentionStrategy":{"configuredType":"Unknown","type":"NullRightsRetentionStrategy"},"size":"12133646","name":"no.ntnu:inspera:407569607:65488806.pdf","mimeType":"application/pdf","publishedDate":"2026-05-27T07:00:47.871119425Z","type":"OpenFile"}],"@context":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/publication/context","indexDocumentCreatedAt":"2026-05-27T07:00:55.014394982Z","curatingInstitutions":["https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"],"entityDescription":{"reference":{"type":"Reference","publicationInstance":{"type":"DegreeMaster","submittedDate":{"month":"02","year":"2026","type":"PublicationDate","day":"03"}},"publicationContext":{"course":{"code":"TTM4905","type":"UnconfirmedCourse"},"publisher":{"valid":"true","identifier":"D61B0D47-C78A-48DC-8537-3AD87DEF4D5B","year":"2026","name":"Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/publication-channels-v2/publisher/D61B0D47-C78A-48DC-8537-3AD87DEF4D5B/2026","type":"Publisher","scientificValue":"Unassigned","sameAs":"https://kanalregister.hkdir.no/publiseringskanaler/info/nvakanal?pid=D61B0D47-C78A-48DC-8537-3AD87DEF4D5B"},"type":"Degree"}},"contributorsCount":3,"mainTitle":"The Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) group Sandworm to perform a cyberattack on Melkøya (Hammerfest LNG)","alternativeAbstracts":{"en":"The threat landscape has deteriorated in recent years, and the convergence of IT and OT systems has increased the exposure of industrial facilities to cyberattacks. The war in Ukraine has demonstrated that state actors, such as the APT group Sandworm, possess both the capabilities and the intent to execute attacks against industrial control systems. This thesis examines Melkøya as a case study to evaluate the feasibility of such attacks against its LNG production. Through the Snøhvit Future project, a new substation at Hyggevatn will be established to supply power to Melkøya, replacing the facility's current gas generators. This transition creates a dependency on the national power grid and introduces new attack vectors for adversaries seeking to disrupt Norwegian gas exports.\n\nThe research commenced with an Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) analysis of Melkøya to map the facility's operations and dependencies. Subsequently, literature and threat reports were assessed to analyze historical attacks in Ukraine, such as BlackEnergy and Industroyer. Based on Sandworm’s documented history of targeting substations and Melkøya’s future reliance on the national grid, the scope was narrowed to focus on cyberattacks against the Hyggevatn substation. Two attack scenarios were evaluated: one theoretically formulated for this study and one adapted from existing literature. To test the attacks at the protocol level, a Software-in-the-Loop (SIL) simulator was developed, emulating a digital substation using Docker containers and the GNS3 networking tool.\n\nThe simulation results demonstrate that it is technically feasible for an attacker to manipulate the state of circuit breakers by injecting valid IEC 61850 MMS commands, provided they have access to the relevant subnet. While this attack could be mitigated by implementing the IEC 62351 standard, which features security mechanisms such as mutual authentication, this is rarely applied in real-world systems. Consequently, this highlights the critical importance of a robust layered defense-in-depth structure to prevent adversaries from gaining access to the OT network. As other oil and gas fields in Norway also utilize power-from-shore, they could be vulnerable to similar attack vectors."},"language":"http://lexvo.org/id/iso639-3/eng","abstract":"Trusselbildet har forverret seg de siste årene, og integrasjonen av IT- og OT-systemer har gjort industrianlegg mer utsatt for cyberangrep. Krigen i Ukraina har vist at statlige aktører, som APT-gruppen Sandworm, har både evne og vilje til å utføre angrep mot industrielle kontrollsystemer. Denne oppgaven bruker Melkøya som case-studie for å evaluere gjennomførbarheten av slike angrep mot LNG-produksjonen på Melkøya. Gjennom Snøhvit Future-prosjektet vil det etableres en ny transformatorstasjon ved Hyggevatn for å forsyne Melkøya med strøm, noe som er ment å erstatte anleggets nåværende gassgeneratorer. Denne overgangen skaper en avhengighet til det nasjonale strømnettet og introduserer nye angrepsvektorer for trusselaktører som ønsker å ramme norsk gasseksport.\n\nForskningen startet med en OSINT-analyse (Open-Source Intelligence) av Melkøya for å kartlegge anleggets drift og avhengigheter. Deretter ble litteratur og trusselrapporter gjennomgått for å analysere historiske cyberangrep i Ukraina, som BlackEnergy og Industroyer. Basert på Sandworms historikk med cyberangrep mot transformatorstasjoner og Melkøyas fremtidige avhengighet av strømnettet, ble oppgaven avgrenset til å fokusere på cyberangrep mot transformatorstasjonen på Hyggevatn. To angrepsscenarioer ble vurdert: ett teoretisk utarbeidet for denne studien og ett som er hentet fra eksisterende faglitteratur. For å teste angrepetene på protokollnivå ble det utviklet en Software-in-the-Loop-simulator (SIL) som emulerte en digital transformatorstasjon ved bruk av Docker-containere og nettverksverktøyet GNS3.\n\nSimuleringsresultatene viser at det er teknisk mulig for en angriper å endre tilstanden til effektbrytere ved å injisere gyldige IEC 61850 MMS-kommandoer, forutsatt at de har tilgang til det aktuelle nettverkssegmentet. Selv om slike angrep kan forhindres ved å implementere IEC 62351-standarden, som inkluderer sikkerhetsmekanismer som gjensidig autentisering, blir dette sjelden brukt i operative anlegg. Dette understreker viktigheten av et robust dybdeforsvar for å hindre at trusselaktører får tilgang til OT-nettverket. Siden andre olje- og gassfelt i Norge også benytter kraft fra land, kan disse også være sårbare for lignende angrepsvektorer.","contributors":[{"sequence":"1","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Houmb, Siv Hilde","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"2","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Erdodi, Laszlo Tibor","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"3","role":{"type":"Creator"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Birkeland, Robin Eriksen","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","affiliations":[{"partOf":[{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"}],"institutionId":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0","countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.63.0.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nb":"Fakultet for 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We consider intervalley coupling, complex band structures, and interface asymmetries. An analytical method using transfer matrices is employed to derive homogeneous surface Green functions, which are often computed numerically.\n\nIn GaN/AlN systems, the framework reveals details of the interplay between $\\Gamma$-like and $X$-like barrier states. The interference between different conduction channels gives rise to intrinsically multiband phenomena such as Fano resonance. We demonstrate that hopping parameters involved in single material interfaces, inherited directly from the bulks, cannot by themselves satisfy time-reversal symmetry. However, this effect is suppressed in wider double-barrier systems. "},"language":"http://lexvo.org/id/iso639-3/eng","abstract":"En metode for tight-binding i multibånd elektrontransport i sinkblende $sp^3s^*$-heterostrukturer presenteres. Det legges vekt på tilstandskoblinger, komplekse båndstrukturer og grenseflateasymmetrier. En analytisk metode basert på transfermatriser benyttes til å utlede homogene overflate-Green-funksjoner, som ofte beregnes numerisk.\n\nFor GaN/AlN-systemer avdekker metoden samspillet mellom $\\Gamma$-lignende og $X$-lignende barriertetilstander. Interferens mellom ulike ledningskanaler gir opphav til iboende multibåndfenomener som Fano-resonans. Det vises at hoppeparametere ved enkle grenseflater mellom materialer, som er direkte tatt fra bulkmaterialene, ikke alene kan oppfylle tidsreverseringssymmetri. Denne konsekvensen dempes i bredere dobbeltbarrieresystemer.","contributors":[{"sequence":"1","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Støvneng, Jon Andreas","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"2","role":{"type":"Creator"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Nissen-Sollie, Petter","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","affiliations":[{"partOf":[{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"}],"institutionId":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0","countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.66.0.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nb":"Fakultet for naturvitenskap","en":"Faculty of Natural Sciences"}}],"type":"Contributor"}],"contributorsPreview":[{"sequence":"1","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Støvneng, Jon Andreas","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"2","role":{"type":"Creator"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Nissen-Sollie, Petter","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","affiliations":[{"partOf":[{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"}],"institutionId":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0","countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.66.0.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nb":"Fakultet for naturvitenskap","en":"Faculty of Natural Sciences"}}],"type":"Contributor"}],"type":"EntityDescription","publicationDate":{"month":"01","year":"2026","type":"PublicationDate","day":"19"}},"createdDate":"2026-05-27T07:00:24.360103100Z","publicationContextUris":["https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/publication-channels-v2/publisher/D61B0D47-C78A-48DC-8537-3AD87DEF4D5B/2026"],"childPublications":[],"modifiedDate":"2026-05-27T07:00:24.360103100Z","additionalIdentifiers":[{"sourceName":"nva@null","type":"CristinIdentifier","value":"10209064"},{"sourceName":"inspera","type":"AdditionalIdentifier","value":"no.ntnu:inspera:397275882:38088195"}],"publisher":{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/customer/33c17ef6-864b-4267-bc9d-0cee636e247e","type":"Organization"},"filesStatus":"noFiles","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/publication/019e683c04a8-b8db936c-a615-4672-a825-cb817fd78121","pendingOpenFileCount":"0","publishedDate":"2026-05-27T07:00:24.360103100Z","scientificIndex":{},"topLevelOrganizations":[{"hasPart":[{"partOf":[{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"}],"affiliationInstitutionId":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0","countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.66.0.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nb":"Fakultet for naturvitenskap","en":"Faculty of Natural Sciences"}}],"countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nn":"Noregs teknisk-naturvitskaplege universitet","nb":"Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet","en":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology"}}],"status":"PUBLISHED"},{"identifier":"019e683c0351-c35fd58b-2b1a-424a-b5b7-56365c71ecaa","contributorOrganizations":["https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.63.0.0","https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"],"modelVersion":"0.23.3","resourceOwner":{"owner":"ntnu-inspera@194.0.0.0","ownerAffiliation":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"},"type":"Publication","@context":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/publication/context","indexDocumentCreatedAt":"2026-05-27T07:00:53.881254283Z","curatingInstitutions":["https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"],"entityDescription":{"reference":{"type":"Reference","publicationInstance":{"type":"DegreeMaster","submittedDate":{"month":"02","year":"2026","type":"PublicationDate","day":"02"}},"publicationContext":{"course":{"code":"TET4900","type":"UnconfirmedCourse"},"publisher":{"valid":"true","identifier":"D61B0D47-C78A-48DC-8537-3AD87DEF4D5B","year":"2026","name":"Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/publication-channels-v2/publisher/D61B0D47-C78A-48DC-8537-3AD87DEF4D5B/2026","type":"Publisher","scientificValue":"Unassigned","sameAs":"https://kanalregister.hkdir.no/publiseringskanaler/info/nvakanal?pid=D61B0D47-C78A-48DC-8537-3AD87DEF4D5B"},"type":"Degree"}},"contributorsCount":3,"mainTitle":"Hvilket fleksibilitetspotensial finnes i norske elbilmønstre, og hvor mye kan realistisk tilbys til reservemarkedet?","alternativeAbstracts":{"en":"The increasing share of renewable energy and the ongoing large-scale electrification place growing pressure on the Norwegian power system. This leads to challenges both at the local level for distribution system operators (DSOs) and at the system level for the transmission system operator (TSO), in the form of capacity constraints and an increased need for power system balancing, respectively. At the same time, the share of electric vehicles (EVs) in Norway continues to grow, and the electrification of the transport sector is a key component of the transition to a low-emission society. Battery flexibility through vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology and participation in reserve markets are two strategies that can contribute to supporting the power system. Due to the rapid growth in EV adoption, an increasing number of households will gradually gain access to substantial battery capacity, making these flexibility options particularly relevant. EV batteries can therefore be utilized as a flexibility resource and contribute positively to addressing both local grid challenges and system-wide balancing needs. \n\nThis master’s thesis investigates the flexibility potential of household electric vehicles and the amount of flexibility that can potentially be offered. Through participation in the mFRR market and the use of V2G technology, the study analyzes whether such contributions can provide benefits for both the DSO and the TSO, in addition to whether the household achieves economic gains. A mathematical optimization model is developed and implemented using Pyomo in Python, with the objective of minimizing the household’s total costs under different scenarios involving V2G and participation in the mFRR market. To account for the fact that actual activations are not explicitly modeled, constraints are imposed on the state of charge (SoC) to ensure that residual energy is always available in the EV batteries, which in practice could have been used for activations. The analyses in this master’s thesis are based on five different scenarios that examine the flexibility potential of household electric vehicles. The scenarios range from passive charging to combinations of smart charging, V2G technology, and participation in the mFRR market. The results show that passive charging leads to the highest costs and a great load on the distribution grid, while smart charging reduces costs by shifting charging to periods with lower electricity prices. \n\nFurthermore, the analyses indicate that the use of V2G technology can reduce total costs by 13 % over the entire analysis period compared to smart charging alone. At the same time, this may result in an increase in average peak load of 11,3 % for Scenario 3 over the entire analysis period compared to Scenario 2. Participation in the mFRR market combined with smart charging yields the best results in this analysis, with Scenario 5 achieving a total cost that is 0,86 % lower than Scenario 4. Scenario 3 has a total cost approximately 10 % higher than Scenario 5, indicating that V2G technology provides lower profitability for the household compared to participation in the mFRR market. \n\nOverall, the study demonstrates that electric vehicles can serve as a valuable flexibility resource for both the distribution and transmission grids, while also providing economic benefits for households. However, the results show that different flexibility strategies may affect local and system-level needs differently, highlighting the importance of coordinating incentives between the DSO and the TSO. \n","eng":"What flexibility potential exists in Norwegian electric vehicle usage patterns, and how much can realistically be offered to the reserve market?"},"language":"http://lexvo.org/id/iso639-3/nob","abstract":"\nDet økende omfanget av fornybar energi og den omfattende elektrifiseringen som er i gang, legger et økende press på det norske kraftsystemet. Dette fører til utfordringer både lokalt for nettselskaper (DSO) og for systemansvarlig (TSO), i form av henholdsvis kapasitetsbegrensninger og økt behov for balansering av kraftsystemet. Parallelt med dette øker andelen elbiler i Norge, og elektrifisering av transportsektoren er en sentral del av overgangen til et lavutslippssamfunn. Batterifleksibilitet i forbindelse med V2G og deltakelse i reservemarkeder er to strategier som kan bidra til å støtte kraftsystemet. På grunn av den raske veksten i elbilandelen innebærer dette at et økende antall husholdninger etter hvert vil ha tilgang til et betydelig batteri, som gjør disse fleksibilitetsalternativene særlig relevante. Elbilbatterier kan dermed benyttes som en fleksibilitetsressurs og bidra positivt til ̊a håndtere både lokale nettutfordringer og systemmessige balanseringsbehov. \n\nDenne masteroppgaven undersøker hvilket fleksibilitetspotensial som finnes i en husholdnings elbiler, samt hvor mye fleksibilitet som potensielt kan tilbys. Gjennom deltakelse i mFRR-markedet og bruk av V2G-teknologi analyseres det både om bidraget kan ha fordeler for DSO og TSO, i tillegg til om husholdningen oppnår økonomiske gevinster. Det utvikles en matematisk optimeringsmodell, implementert ved hjelp av Pyomo i Python, med hensikt å optimalisere husholdningens totale kostnader under ulike scenarier for V2G og deltakelse i mFRR-markedet. For å ta hensyn til at faktiske aktiveringer ikke er eksplisitt modellert, er det innført begrensninger på ladetilstanden (SoC) som sikrer at det alltid finnes restenergi i elbilbatteriene, som i praksis kunne vært benyttet til aktiveringer. \nAnalysene i denne masteroppgaven er basert på fem ulike scenarier som undersøker fleksibilitetspotensialet i husholdningers elbiler. Scenariene spenner fra passiv lading til kombinasjoner av smartlading, V2G-teknologi og deltakelse i mFRR-markedet. Resultatene viser at passiv lading gir høyest kostnad og høy belastning på distribusjonsnettet, mens smartlading reduserer kostnadene ved å flytte lading til perioder med lavere strømpris. \n\nVidere viser analysene at bruk av V2G-teknologi kan gi kostnadsreduksjoner på 13 % for hele analyseperioden sammenlignet med smartlading alene. Samtidig kan det medføre en økning i gjennomsnittlig peak load p ̊a 11,3 % for Scenario 3 for hele analyseperioden, sammenlignet med Scenario 2. Deltakelse i mFRR-markedet kombinert med smartlading viser best resultater i denne analysen, hvor Scenario 5 får en total kostnad som er 0,86 % lavere enn Scenario 4. Scenario 3 får en total kostnad som er om lag 10 % høyere enn Scenario 5, og indikerer at V2G-teknologi gir lavere lønnsomhet for husholdningen sammenlignet med deltakelse i mFRR-markedet. \n\nSamlet sett viser studien at elbiler kan fungere som en verdifull fleksibilitetsressurs for både distribusjons- og transmisjonsnettet, samtidig som den kan gi økonomiske fordeler for husholdningen. Resultatene viser imidlertid at ulike fleksibilitetsstrategier kan påvirke lokale og systemmessige behov ulikt, noe som understreker behovet for koordinering av insentiver mellom DSO og TSO. \n\n","contributors":[{"sequence":"1","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Hansen, Eilif Hugo","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"2","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Thorvaldsen, Kasper Emil","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"3","role":{"type":"Creator"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Anette 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This initial phase is characterized by high time pressure, fragmented information, and extensive discretionary judgment, placing particular demands on quality, efficiency, and legal safeguards.\nThe study is limited to Trøndelag Police District and is based on qualitative interviews with key actors in investigative work, supplemented by document analysis of relevant policy documents, reports, and previous research. The analysis draws on sociotechnical perspectives, theories of professional culture, organizational learning, and leadership in change processes.\nThe findings show that AI has considerable potential to strengthen police work in the initial phase through improved information overview, faster data integration, and relief from manual tasks. At the same time, the study reveals that technological potential alone is insufficient to realize these benefits. Attitudes toward AI in the police are, to a limited extent, expressions of technological resistance, but rather professional assessments related to responsibility, legal safeguards, and control over professional judgement.\nFurthermore, the study demonstrates that the implementation of AI in the police is largely a matter of leadership and organization. Clear frameworks, a shared conceptual understanding, structures for learning, and clear allocation of responsibility emerge as crucial for AI to be adopted in a legitimate and sustainable manner. Without such anchoring, AI initiatives risk remaining isolated pilot projects with limited impact.\nThe thesis concludes that effective and responsible use of AI in the initial phase of police investigations requires that the technology be integrated into existing work processes and professional norms, and that leadership actively facilitates organizational learning and sensemaking. The study contributes knowledge that may be relevant both for the police’s continued work with AI and for research on technological implementation in professional organizations operating under high time pressure.\n","eng":"Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in the Initial Phase of Police Investigations"},"language":"http://lexvo.org/id/iso639-3/nob","abstract":"Denne masteroppgaven undersøker hvordan samspillet mellom teknologi, profesjonelt skjønn og organisatoriske forutsetninger påvirker implementering og bruk av kunstig intelligens i den initiale fasen av politietterforskningen, ofte omtalt som \"the golden hour\". Initialfasen er preget av høyt tidspress, fragmentert informasjonsgrunnlag og betydelig skjønnsutøvelse, noe som stiller særlige krav til kvalitet, effektivitet og rettssikkerhet.\nStudien er avgrenset til Trøndelag politidistrikt og bygger på kvalitative intervjuer med sentrale aktører i etterforskningsarbeidet, supplert med dokumentanalyse av relevante styringsdokumenter, rapporter og tidligere forskning. Analysen tar utgangspunkt i sosiotekniske perspektiver, teori om profesjonskultur, organisatorisk læring og ledelse i endringsprosesser.\nFunnene viser at KI har et betydelig potensial til å styrke politiets arbeid i initialfasen gjennom bedre informasjonsoversikt, raskere sammenstilling av data og avlastning av manuelle oppgaver. Samtidig avdekkes det at teknologisk potensial alene ikke er tilstrekkelig for å realisere disse gevinstene. Holdninger til KI i politiet fremstår i liten grad som uttrykk for teknologisk motstand, men heller som profesjonelle vurderinger knyttet til ansvar, rettssikkerhet og kontroll over faglig skjønn.\nVidere viser studien at implementering av KI i politiet i stor grad er et ledelses- og organisasjonsspørsmål. Tydelige rammer, felles begrepsforståelse, strukturer for læring og klar ansvarsplassering fremstår som avgjørende for at KI skal kunne tas i bruk på en legitim og bærekraftig måte. Uten slik forankring risikerer KI-initiativ å forbli isolerte pilotprosjekter med begrenset effekt.\nStudien konkluderer med at effektiv og ansvarlig bruk av KI i politiets initialfase forutsetter at teknologien integreres i eksisterende arbeidsprosesser og profesjonsnormer, og at ledelsen aktivt legger til rette for organisatorisk læring og meningsskaping. Studien bidrar med kunnskap som kan være relevant både for politiets videre arbeid med KI, og for forskning på teknologisk implementering i profesjonsorganisasjoner med høyt tidspress.\n","contributors":[{"sequence":"1","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Åm, Heidrun","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"2","role":{"type":"Creator"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Volden, John Ola","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","affiliations":[{"partOf":[{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"}],"institutionId":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0","countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.67.0.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nb":"Fakultet for samfunns- og utdanningsvitenskap","en":"Faculty of Social and Educational 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Use"}},"rightsRetentionStrategy":{"configuredType":"Unknown","type":"NullRightsRetentionStrategy"},"size":"11704544","name":"no.ntnu:inspera:381141843:66030988.pdf","mimeType":"application/pdf","publishedDate":"2026-05-26T07:12:52.364858872Z","type":"OpenFile"}],"@context":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/publication/context","indexDocumentCreatedAt":"2026-05-26T07:12:58.483605299Z","curatingInstitutions":["https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"],"entityDescription":{"reference":{"type":"Reference","publicationInstance":{"type":"DegreeMaster","submittedDate":{"month":"02","year":"2026","type":"PublicationDate","day":"04"}},"publicationContext":{"course":{"code":"TTK4900","type":"UnconfirmedCourse"},"publisher":{"valid":"true","identifier":"D61B0D47-C78A-48DC-8537-3AD87DEF4D5B","year":"2026","name":"Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/publication-channels-v2/publisher/D61B0D47-C78A-48DC-8537-3AD87DEF4D5B/2026","type":"Publisher","scientificValue":"Unassigned","sameAs":"https://kanalregister.hkdir.no/publiseringskanaler/info/nvakanal?pid=D61B0D47-C78A-48DC-8537-3AD87DEF4D5B"},"type":"Degree"}},"contributorsCount":2,"mainTitle":"Cultivating Attention: An EEG-Neurofeedback Study Using a Biofeedback Growth Metaphor","alternativeAbstracts":{"en":"\nAttention is a fundamental cognitive function that enables individuals to focus on relevant information while suppressing distractions. Difficulties in attention regulation are central to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a condition typically diagnosed through behavioral assessment and self-reported symptoms. Electroencephalography (EEG) has been proposed as a potential objective tool for identifying neural characteristics associated with ADHD.\n\nThis study investigates EEG patterns in adolescents and young adults with and without ADHD diagnoses during neurofeedback sessions. Participants received feedback based on two different EEG features, the theta/beta ratio (TBR) and the Slope of the aperiodic component of the power spectrum. Analyses include evaluation of neurofeedback performance, band power analysis, TBR analysis, extraction of aperiodic Slope and Offset, and classification of participants using machine learning methods. \n\nThe results show that several participants, particularly in the ADHD group, were able to meaningfully modulate the feedback signals during individual runs. However, little evidence of systematic improvement across runs and sessions was observed. EEG analyses revealed clear group differences, with the ADHD group exhibiting higher beta band power, lower TBR values, and significantly flatter Spectral Slopes across most brain regions. These findings contrast the commonly reported resting-state EEG patterns in ADHD, but can be understood in light of the attention-demanding nature of the feedback test. Classification analyses further demonstrated that TBR and Slope features separated the groups in feature space. Due to small sample size, these results should be interpreted with caution, but they indicate that task-based EEG features contain structured information related to attentional processing.\n\nThe findings highlight the importance of considering recording context and inspecting aperiodic components when interpreting EEG characteristics in ADHD. The study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of how ADHD-related EEG patterns manifest during active cognitive engagement and neurofeedback, encouraging a broader and more context-aware perspective on EEG analysis in ADHD research. "},"language":"http://lexvo.org/id/iso639-3/eng","abstract":"\n\nOppmerksomhet er en grunnleggende kognitiv funksjon som gjør det mulig for individer å fokusere på relevant informasjon og samtidig ignorere forstyrrelser. Vansker med regulering av oppmerksomhet er sentrale ved Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), en tilstand som vanligvis diagnostiseres gjennom atferdsvurderinger og selvrapporterte symptomer. Electroencephalography (EEG) har blitt foreslått som et potensielt objektivt verktøy for å identifisere nevrale kjennetegn assosiert med ADHD.\n\nDenne studien undersøker EEG-mønstre hos ungdommer og unge voksne med og uten ADHD-diagnose under neurofeedback-økter. Deltakerne mottok tilbakemelding basert på to ulike EEG-mål: theta/beta ratio (TBR) og stigningstallet til den aperiodiske komponenten i kraftspekteret, Slope. Analysene omfatter vurdering av neurofeedback-prestasjon, analyse av båndkraft, TBR, aperiodisk Slope og Offset, samt klassifisering av deltakere ved hjelp av maskinlæringsmetoder.\n\nResultatene viser at flere deltakere, særlig i ADHD-gruppen, var i stand til å påvirke tilbakemeldingssignalene på en meningsfull måte under enkeltøkter. Det ble imidlertid observert lite tegn til systematisk forbedring på tvers av økter og sesjoner. EEG-analysene avdekket tydelige gruppeforskjeller, der ADHD-gruppen viste høyere beta-båndkraft, lavere TBR-verdier og betydelig flatere stigningstall i de fleste hjerneområder. Disse funnene står i kontrast til ofte rapporterte EEG-mønstre i hviletilstand hos personer med ADHD, men kan forstås i lys av den oppmerksomhetskrevende karakteren til neurofeedback-testen. Klassifiseringsanalysene viser videre at TBR- og stigningstallverdiene skilte gruppene i feature space. På grunn av få deltakere bør resultatene tolkes med forsiktighet, men de indikerer at oppgavebaserte EEG-målinger inneholder strukturert informasjon knyttet til oppmerksomhetsprosesser. \n\nFunnene fremhever betydningen av å ta hensyn til opptakskontekst, og å undersøke aperiodiske komponenter ved tolkningen av EEG-kjennetegn ved ADHD. Studien bidrar til en mer nyansert forståelse av hvordan ADHD-relaterte EEG-mønstre kommer til uttrykk under aktiv kognitiv involvering og neurofeedback, og oppmuntrer til et bredere og mer kontekstbevisst perspektiv på EEG-analyse i ADHD-forskning.","contributors":[{"sequence":"1","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Molinas, Marta","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"2","role":{"type":"Creator"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Dimmen, Linn Håberg","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","affiliations":[{"partOf":[{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"}],"institutionId":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0","countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.63.0.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nb":"Fakultet for informasjonsteknologi og elektroteknikk","en":"Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering"}}],"type":"Contributor"}],"contributorsPreview":[{"sequence":"1","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Molinas, Marta","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"2","role":{"type":"Creator"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Dimmen, Linn Håberg","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","affiliations":[{"partOf":[{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"}],"institutionId":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0","countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.63.0.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nb":"Fakultet for informasjonsteknologi og elektroteknikk","en":"Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering"}}],"type":"Contributor"}],"type":"EntityDescription","publicationDate":{"month":"02","year":"2026","type":"PublicationDate","day":"04"}},"createdDate":"2026-05-26T07:12:50.751608318Z","publicationContextUris":["https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/publication-channels-v2/publisher/D61B0D47-C78A-48DC-8537-3AD87DEF4D5B/2026"],"childPublications":[],"modifiedDate":"2026-05-26T07:12:50.751608318Z","additionalIdentifiers":[{"sourceName":"inspera","type":"AdditionalIdentifier","value":"no.ntnu:inspera:381141843:66030988"},{"sourceName":"nva@null","type":"CristinIdentifier","value":"10209053"}],"publisher":{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/customer/33c17ef6-864b-4267-bc9d-0cee636e247e","type":"Organization"},"filesStatus":"hasPublicFiles","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/publication/019e63210c3f-d4841906-7562-47d3-b3bb-d7b0d27ba09f","pendingOpenFileCount":"0","publishedDate":"2026-05-26T07:12:50.751608318Z","scientificIndex":{},"topLevelOrganizations":[{"hasPart":[{"partOf":[{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"}],"affiliationInstitutionId":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0","countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.63.0.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nb":"Fakultet 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Use"}},"rightsRetentionStrategy":{"configuredType":"Unknown","type":"NullRightsRetentionStrategy"},"size":"8132923","name":"no.ntnu:inspera:392901842:205973216.pdf","mimeType":"application/pdf","publishedDate":"2026-05-26T07:12:48.448103868Z","type":"OpenFile"}],"@context":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/publication/context","indexDocumentCreatedAt":"2026-05-26T07:12:54.653381981Z","curatingInstitutions":["https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"],"entityDescription":{"reference":{"type":"Reference","publicationInstance":{"type":"DegreeMaster","submittedDate":{"month":"02","year":"2026","type":"PublicationDate","day":"02"}},"publicationContext":{"course":{"code":"RAD6901","type":"UnconfirmedCourse"},"publisher":{"valid":"true","identifier":"D61B0D47-C78A-48DC-8537-3AD87DEF4D5B","year":"2026","name":"Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige 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Oppgaven tar utgangspunkt i et landskap preget av rask teknologisk utvikling, økt fokus på digitalisering og bærekraft, og endrede rammebetingelser for bransjen.\nStudien bygger på kvalitative dybdeintervjuer med ledere, ansatte og eksterne rådgivere, og analyserer hvordan motivasjon, kompetanseutvikling, struktur, trygghet og forretningsorientering virker sammen for å fremme innovasjon nedenfra. Sentrale funn viser at høy indre motivasjon, autonomi og psykologisk trygghet er avgjørende for at medarbeidere skal initiere og gjennomføre innovasjon. Flate strukturer, tverrfaglige arenaer og praksisnær læring gir gode vilkår for at ideer kan modnes og skaleres, mens komplekse matriser og uklare ansvarsforhold kan hemme realisering av initiativer.\nOppgaven konkluderer med at ledere bør prioritere kultur for læring og trygghet, systematisk opplæring, tydelig lederstøtte og enkle indikatorer for gevinstrealisering. For ansatte er det viktig å ta ansvar for å dele ideer og delta aktivt i læringsarenaer. Studien peker også på behovet for mer forskning på MDI i mindre digitalt modne miljøer og på hvordan effektene av innovasjon kan måles og dokumenteres.\nSamlet gir oppgaven innsikt i hvordan medarbeiderdrevet innovasjon kan styrkes gjennom samspill mellom motivasjon, læring, struktur, kultur og ledelse, og hvordan dette kan bidra til økt verdiskaping og endringskapasitet i eiendomsbransjen.\n","contributors":[{"sequence":"1","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Holmen, Elsebeth","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"2","role":{"type":"Creator"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Bjerke, Mette Arntzen ","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","affiliations":[{"partOf":[{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"}],"institutionId":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0","countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.67.0.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nb":"Fakultet for samfunns- og utdanningsvitenskap","en":"Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences"}}],"type":"Contributor"}],"contributorsPreview":[{"sequence":"1","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Holmen, Elsebeth","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"2","role":{"type":"Creator"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Bjerke, Mette Arntzen ","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","affiliations":[{"partOf":[{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0"}],"institutionId":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.0.0.0","countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/194.67.0.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nb":"Fakultet for samfunns- og utdanningsvitenskap","en":"Faculty of Social and Educational 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Søraust-Noreg","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/publication-channels-v2/publisher/91CE8D38-5C23-4A97-A429-EDECBD8586B5/2025","type":"Publisher","scientificValue":"Unassigned","sameAs":"https://kanalregister.hkdir.no/publiseringskanaler/info/nvakanal?pid=91CE8D38-5C23-4A97-A429-EDECBD8586B5"},"type":"Degree"}},"contributorsCount":3,"mainTitle":"Forebygging av urinretensjon ved spinalanestesi – En litteraturstudie","alternativeAbstracts":{"en":"\nIntroduction and background: Surgical procedures carry a risk of complications such as postoperative urinary retention. Operating room nurses play a critical role in preventing such complications through risk assessment, early identification of at-risk patients, and targeted interventions. The aim of this thesis is to synthesize research on the prevention of urinary retention following spinal anesthesia, to support perioperative nursing practice and enhance patient safety.\n\nMethod: This study is a systematic literature review based on ten quantitative articles published between 2019 and 2015, identified through searches in Cinahl, PubMed and Web Of Science. Articles were selected according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, assessed for quality, and thematic analyzed to identify relevant preventive measures.\n\nResult: The review identified ten key factors associated with the risk of urinary retention in surgical patients, including advanced age, male sex, prolonged surgery and knee replacement procedures. Bladder scanning and evaluation of maximum bladder capacity were highlighted as effective preventive strategies.\n\nConclusion: Multiple risk factors contribute to the development of postoperative urinary retention. Operating room nurses should be particularly aware of advanced age, male sex, high ASA scores, pre-existing conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, and reduced maximum bladder capacity. Routine catheterization should be avoided. Bladder scanning appears to be a reliable tool for early detection and prevention, and increased awareness of these risk factors may strengthen patient safety.\n\nKeywords: Literature review, Operating room nursing, Patient Safety, Perioperative, Prevention, Spinal anesthesia, Urinary retention.\n","eng":"Prevention of Urinary Retention Following Spinal Anesthesia - A Literature Review"},"language":"http://lexvo.org/id/iso639-3/nob","abstract":"\nInnledning og bakgrunn: Kirurgiske inngrep medfører risiko for komplikasjoner som postoperativ urinretensjon. Operasjonssykepleieren har en sentral rolle i å forebygge slike komplikasjoner gjennom risikovurdering, tidlig identifisering av utsatte pasienter og målrettede tiltak. Hensikten med denne oppgaven er å sammenstille forskning om forebygging av urinretensjon ved spinalanestesi, for å styrke operasjonssykepleierens praksis og fremme pasientsikkerhet.\n\nMetode: Studien er en litteraturstudie med systematisk tilnærming, basert på 10 kvantitative artikler fra 2019-2025, identifisert gjennom søk i Cinahl, PubMed og Web Of Science. Artiklene ble valgt etter definerte kriterier, kvalitetsvurdert, og tematisk analysert for å identifisere forebyggende tiltak.\n\nResultat: Studien identifiserte ti faktorer som påvirker risikoen for urinretensjon hos operasjonspasienter som får spinalanestesi, deriblant høy alder, mannlig kjønn, lang operasjonstid og kneoperasjon. Blæreskanning og vurdering av maksimal blærekapasitet ble fremhevet som nyttige forebyggende tiltak.\n\nKonklusjon: Flere risikofaktorer er knyttet til utvikling av postoperativ urinretensjon etter spinalanestesi. Operasjonssykepleiere bør være særlig oppmerksomme på høy alder, mannlig kjønn, høy ASA-score og tidligere sykdommer som benign prostatahyperplasi og lav maksimal blærekapasitet. Rutinemessig kateterisering bør unngås. Blæreskanning fremstår som et nyttig verktøy for tidlig oppdagelse og forebygging, og bevissthet rundt risikofaktorer kan styrke pasientsikkerheten.\n\nNøkkelord: Forebygging, Litteraturstudie, Operasjonssykepleie, Pasientsikkerhet, Perioperativ, Spinalanestesi, Urinretensjon.\n","contributors":[{"sequence":"1","role":{"type":"Supervisor"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Anne Marit Lyberg","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","type":"Contributor"},{"sequence":"2","role":{"type":"Creator"},"identity":{"nameType":"Organizational","name":"Erichsen, Karin Bjørge","type":"Identity"},"correspondingAuthor":"false","affiliations":[{"partOf":[{"id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/222.56.0.0"}],"institutionId":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/222.0.0.0","countryCode":"NO","id":"https://api.test.nva.aws.unit.no/cristin/organization/222.56.1.0","type":"Organization","labels":{"nb":"Institutt for sykepleie- og 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